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本文对长白山火山地质发展过程中的两大喷发期和七个喷发阶段作了系统阐述,详细划分、描述了喷发物堆积类型及特征,论述了火山活动机理及演化历程。首次指出长白山火山基浪堆积,对新发现的侵入相和次火山岩相岩百与喷出相岩石做了对比,指出同源于一个碱性岩浆房。 相似文献
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喀什凹陷构造演化与砂岩型铀成矿关系 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
运用构造地质学与现代水成铀矿理论,分析喀什凹陷的构造特征与构造演化过程,并研究构造演化与铀成矿的关系,认为喀什凹陷作为一个相对独立的次级构造单元,经历了中新生代以来的多次扩张拗陷和被动挤压上隆的构造演化过程,为砂岩型铀成矿创造了条件,并决定砂岩型铀矿床的形成、改造与保存.晚三叠—中侏罗世扩张拗陷,沉积巨厚含煤碎屑岩建造,形成初始铀源;晚侏罗世挤压上隆,沿山前遭受风化剥蚀,形成古层间氧化带和铀矿化;早白垩—渐新世快速沉降,沉积巨厚层陆相与海相碎屑岩,使古层间氧化带和铀矿化得以保存;渐新世以来大规模上隆,沿山前快速剥蚀,破坏了早期的铀矿化,铀元素重新分配.表明以层间氧化带砂岩型铀矿化在中下侏罗统含煤碎屑岩建造中不甚发育,或者说不可能形成较大的层间氧化带或铀矿床,而下白垩统则形成了与油气次生还原作用有关的铀矿床,如巴什布拉克矿床. 相似文献
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斑岩铜矿是指与具斑状结构的中酸性侵入岩伴生,蚀变与矿化受流体、构造控制且分带明显,矿石以细脉浸染状为主,低品位、大储量的铜矿床,是最重要的铜矿床类型。大地构造背景对斑岩铜矿的形成具有重要意义,经典的斑岩铜矿主要产于岛弧、陆缘弧环境。然而,近年来国内矿床学家发现,国内形成于大陆环境的斑岩铜矿与大洋板块俯冲、板块消减作用无关,斑岩铜矿还可产于碰撞造山带,甚至是在陆内环境。相比之下,不同构造背景下形成的斑岩铜矿床含矿岩浆、成矿物质来源、矿床成因等方面存在一定差异与共性。综述了目前斑岩铜矿研究内容中的关于构造背景的一些重要观点和几个重要进展,对比了不同构造背景下形成的斑岩铜矿床的含矿岩浆、蚀变矿化、成矿流体等方面的共性与差异,以期对斑岩型矿床的成因与找矿提供一定的线索。 相似文献
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Jiafei Xiao Jingyang He Haiying Yang Chengquan Wu Jianbin Xu Yantao Li 《Resource Geology》2019,69(3):227-248
The Datangpo‐type manganese ore deposits, which formed during the Nanhuan (Cryogenian) period and are located in northeastern Guizhou and adjacent areas, are one of the most important manganese resources in China, showing good prospecting potential. Many middle‐to‐large deposits, and even super‐large mineral deposits, have been discovered. However, the genesis of manganese ore deposits is still controversial and remains a long‐standing source of debate; there are several viewpoints including biogenesis, hydrothermal sedimentation, gravity flows, cold‐spring carbonates, etc. Geochemical data from several manganese ore deposits show that there are positive correlations between Al2O3 and TiO2, SiO2, K2O, and Na2O, and strong negative correlations between Al2O3 and CaO, MgO, and MnO in black shales and manganese ores. U, Mo, and V show distinct enrichment in black shales and inconspicuous enrichment in Mn ores. Ba and Rb show strong positive correlations with K2O in manganese ores. Cu, Ni, and Zn show clear correlations with total iron in both manganese ores and black shales. ∑REE of manganese ores has a large range with evident positive Ce anomalies and positive Eu anomalies. The Post Archean Australian Shale (PAAS) normalized rare earth element (REE) distribution patterns of manganese ores present pronounced middle rare earth element (MREE) enrichment, producing “hat‐shaped” REE plots. ∑REE of black shales is more variable compared with PAAS, and the PAAS‐normalized REE distribution patterns appear as “flat‐shaped” REE plots, lacking evident anomaly characteristics. δ13C values of carbonate in both manganese ores and the black shales show observable negative excursions. The comprehensive analysis suggests that the black shales formed in a reducing and quiet water column, while the manganese ores formed in oxic muddy seawater, which resulted from periodic transgressions. There was an oxidation–reduction cycle of manganese between the top water body and the bottom water body caused by the transgressions during the early Datangpo, which resulted in the dissolution of manganese. Through the exchange of the euphotic zone water and the bottom water, and episodic inflow of oxygenated water, the manganese in the bottom water was oxidized to Mn‐oxyhydroxides and rapidly buried along with algae. In the early diagenetic stage, Mn‐oxyhydroxides were reduced and dissolved in the anoxic pore water and then transformed into Mn‐carbonates by reacting with HCO3? from the degradation of organic matter or from seawater. In the intervals between transgressions, continuous supplies of terrigenous clastics and the high productive rates of organic matter in the euphotic zone resulted in the deposition of the black shales enriched in organic matter. 相似文献
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Richard H. T. Garnett 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2013,31(2):137-159
The marine diamond deposits of southern Africa owe their existence to fluvial transport down the Orange River to the South Atlantic. On the coast, they were moved, sorted and concentrated by high-energy sea and wind conditions to create a veneer of diamondiferous gravels on the sea floor. Large scale, offshore production by De Beers Marine commenced in 1989 in Namibian waters. The company now acts as a contractor for Namdeb, a corporation owned jointly with the Namibian governments. Some junior public companies also produce diamonds by large-scale mechanized means and conduct extensive exploration programs. Two important developments have occurred recently. Firstly, equipment for the recovery of diamonds from the seabed has been successfully borrowed from other industries. Large drills from onshore civil engineering have been modified for marine sampling and mining. Remotely controlled, seabed-mounted, excavational systems have assumed a major role. The new systems allow both evaluation sampling and subsequent mining to be undertaken by similar or the same equipment, making the results compatible. They permit highly selective extraction and enhanced recovery of the gravels from irregular bedrock in water approaching 200 m deep. But none is universally applicable offshore, each being the preferred system under different conditions. Secondly, the total output of sea diamonds from Namibian waters has increased to 0.8 million carats annually and now exceeds that from all the country's onshore sources. An industry has become established. Corporate and individual perseverence, government encouragement, new technology, shareholders' risk finance, and De Beers' diamond marketing have all played a role in the success. Future diamond production may increase as companies meet the challenge of working lower grade, higher volume deposits, which will require new approaches to the mining process. With a decrease in the physical risk of marine mining, the most variable inputs in operational planning and production forecasting are recovered grade and throughout rate, together with equipment availability. The importance of reliable grade estimation from sufficient sampling density is widely perceived, but the greatest performance risk can involve the predicted excavation rate and ''mineability'' of the seabed sediments. Published reserve statements would benefit from a requirement to specify the planned mining method, the consequent cutoff grade to be employed, and whether or not test mining has been undertaken. 相似文献
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G. P. Glasby 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2013,31(2):161-176
The first attempt to exploit deep-sea manganese nodules ended in failure as a result of the collapse of world metal prices, the onerous provisions imposed by the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), and the overoptimistic assumptions about the viability of nodule mining. Attention then focused on Co-rich manganese crusts from seamounts. Since the mid-1980s, a number of new players have committed themselves to long-term programs to establish the viability of mining deep-sea manganese nodules. These programs require heavy subsidy by the host governments. Au-rich submarine hydrothermal deposits located at convergent plate margins are now emerging as a more promising prospect for mining than deep-sea manganese deposits. 相似文献
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A numerical model has been developed for the simulation of turbidity currents driven by nonuniform, non cohesive sediment and flowing over a complex three dimensional submarine topography. The model is based on an alternative approach known as Cellular Automata paradigm. The model is validated by comparing a simulation with a reported field-scale event. The chosen case is a turbidity current which occurred in Capbreton Canyon and was initiated by a storm in December 1999. Using data from recent oceanographic cruises, the deposit of the event has been precisely described, which constrain values of model parameters. The model simulates the 1999 turbidity current over the actual canyon topography and related turbidite using three different types of particle. The model successfully simulates areas of erosion and deposition in the canyon. It predicts the vertical and longitudinal grain size evolution, and shows that the fining-up sequence can be deposited by several phases of deposition and erosion related to the current energetic variation during its evolution. This result could explain the presence of intrabed contacts or the frequent lack of facies in Bouma sequences. 相似文献
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地气测量在粤北某铀矿区的试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在粤北某花岗岩铀矿勘查区开展了地气测量探测隐伏铀矿的试验研究.通过对勘查区4号和19号勘探线的快速地气取样,获取了U、Cu、Pb、Zn、Mn、Sr和稀土等38种元素信息.利用聚类分析、Pearson相关性分析以及稀土配分、Eu异常判断等方法对矿体的地气异常进行了研究,结果表明,U、Mn、Sr、Zn等地气异常在矿体上方或矿体边缘位置有不同程度的显示;U异常与Mn、Sr、Eu、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ho有较好的相关性;矿体上方地气异常区具有相似的稀土配分模式和负Eu异常.这些特征可以作为判定隐伏铀矿矿致地气异常的依据. 相似文献
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